CCL2 and Hyperglycemia: Under conditions of hypoxia, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and other adverse factors, ECs express vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and other inflammatory cytokines (Schunk et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021; Takenoshita et al., 2024).