In melanoma, Z. bungeanum seed oil inhibited the CDC25A/CyclinB1/CDK1 signaling pathway to block the G0/G1 phase of human malignant melanoma A-375 cells and regulated the MAPK signaling pathway to inhibit cell proliferation, implying that Z. bungeanum seed oil exhibits anticancer activity but does not produce toxicity in mice (Pang et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2023). Here, CDK1 is linked to melanoma.