This cluster is similar to a population described by Zhang et al. in inflammatory conditions, expressing genes such as IDO1 and GBP1, and stimulated by IFN-γ and TNF-α.[35] Additionally, we identified a cluster not previously described in HNSCC with characteristics of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), particularly characterized by high expression of inflammatory cytokines including IL1β, but negative for the macrophage markers SPP1 and CXCL9. This evidence concerns the gene GBP1 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.