From the panel of 27 cytokines assessed for any cytokine differentially expressed between our 4 groups, whereas no cytokine showed an altered expression between groups that could be indicative of an association with the presence of liver fibrosis, we observed that GM-CSF, IL-2, and VEGF were significantly diminished in plasma samples obtained from S. mansoni-infected participants. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and Hepatic fibrosis.