trichiura, and blood-dwelling infectious agents like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and malaria (Supplementary Figure S3A), which are commonly found in SAC exposed to S. mansoni in the area.Comprehensive analyses of GM-CSF levels in the plasma of individuals harboring these infections, both with and without S. mansoni, (Supplementary Figures S3B, C) did not reveal any alterations in GM-CSF levels due to these concomitant infections. Here, CSF2 is linked to hepatitis B virus infection.