CLDN11 and hepatocellular carcinoma: The experiment was conducted using BALB/c nude mice as the model organism. The implantation of the target complex into these mice led to a significant downregulation of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and osteoblast-specific protein (OSP) VEGF-1 expression within the tumor tissues. This downregulation was instrumental in reversing resistance to sorafenib (SOR), thereby effectively eradicating established SOR-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the mice.