TNF and neoplasm: Burgos-Molina et al.'s review highlights that chronic inflammation, mediated by various cells and factors such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, promotes tumor progression and alters the tumor microenvironment in multiple ways, making it a significant factor in CRC development51.