Targeting tumor-associated macrophages via immunotherapies, such as those reducing the number of tumor-associated macrophages in the TME by blocking the CSF1 (colony-stimulating factor 1)-CSF1R (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor) axis,13, 14, 15 has been applied in the clinic, but their efficacy as monotherapy in malignancies has been minimal.15 Here, CSF1 is linked to neoplasm.