To gain insight into the clinical impact of dsRNA expression on local tumor microenvironment, we employed multiplex immunofluorescence of naive GBM, demonstrating an association between baseline dsRNA expression and PD-L1 expression and CD8+ T cell infiltration in patients treated with immunotherapy after resection (Figure 7, A and B, and Supplemental Table 5). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and glioblastoma.