This is consistent with previous studies showing a prominent role of MDSCs in lung cancer development [48], the upregulation/overexpression of IL-4 receptors in lung cancer cells [49], and the immunostimulatory and anti-tumor effect of IL-4 blockade using monoclonal antibodies in pre-clinical cancer models and recently also in clinical trials [50, 51]. This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and neoplasm.