Furthermore, analysis of disease risk genes expressed in beta cells using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis has revealed top hits in pathways associated with ‘Interferon signalling’, the ‘Role of JAK1, JAK2 and TYK in IFN signalling’ and the ‘Role of pattern recognition receptors in recognition of virus and bacteria’ [43], supporting a more pronounced response to infection in those at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and infection.