Across these studies, the enterovirus viral capsid protein 1 (VP1) is detected in a proportion of insulin-positive, residual beta cells at higher frequency in donors with type 1 diabetes than in control individuals: in VP1+ donors, 6.9–28.6% of residual insulin-containing islets (ICIs) display VP1+ cells and among these 1.5–5.5% of the endocrine cells are VP1+ [13–16], across a wide age range [14, 15]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.