To further validate the potential of S100A1 expression in determining immunotherapy response, we combined immunotherapy cohorts of renal cell carcinoma (n = 181),34 metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC; n = 348),17 skin cutaneous melanoma (n = 49),14 metastatic gastric cancer (n = 45),35 and glioblastoma (n = 17)36 patients and observed a notable difference in OS between the risk-defined groups based on S100A1 expression (Fig. 6a). This evidence concerns the gene S100A1 and cutaneous melanoma.