Studies have demonstrated that patients with L-CRC have chromosomal instability with pathway-related mutations, such as KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus), APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha), and p53 mutations. Here, PIK3CA is linked to colorectal carcinoma.