Recently, a Simoa assay of TDP-43 in small EVs (sEVs) from plasma combined with mass spectrometry measures of 3R/4R τ ratio in sEVs showed high sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing between TDP-43 proteinopathy and tauopathies (FTLD-TDP-43 and ALS versus FTLD-tau and progressive supranuclear palsy) [390]. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.