In the context of DMD, CCL2 expression is not only increased in muscle and serum of human patients and affected dogs, but is also significantly increased in mdx muscle (Bronisz-Budzynska et al., 2019; Demoule et al., 2005; Hyzewicz et al., 2017; Mojumdar et al., 2014; Porter et al., 2003) and mdx serum (Kranig et al., 2019; Ogundele et al., 2021). The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is Duchenne muscular dystrophy.