A study that measured cytokine changes after PMX-DHP treatment for acute exacerbation of IPF found no changes in IL-6 and IL-8, but significant decreases in IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and various other cytokines [25]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.