IFNG and acute myeloid leukemia: When examining cytokine concentrations in the supernatants of CAR-T cells co-cultured with AML cell lines (1:1 E:T ratio), SdAb-based CAR-T cells, particularly Nb3 and Nb16, exhibited significantly higher IL-2 and IFN-γ production compared with ScFv CAR-T (Figure 4G).