TNF and viral infectious disease: For instance, oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum 0111 regulates the host immune system and upregulates IFN in the intestine and lungs of H9N2-infected mice—β transcription levels and related ISGs, while increasing CD3+CD4+TNF-α + T lymphocyte and CD3+CD8+TNF- α + T lymphocyte percentage in the spleen and reduces the severity of viral infection (Xing et al., 2022).