TGFB1 and cancer: Collectively these findings predicate a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME): TGF-β signaling is known to promote progression in established lesions through inhibitory effects on immune cells 59; the cytokines enriched with FAT1 also influence inflammation and immune responses in tumors 46; and the increase in infiltrating lymphocytes such as Th2 cells has been equated with immunosuppression in breast and other cancers 47.