In addition, endothelial cells and trophoblast cells in patients with preeclampsia exhibited a high level of p38 protein, which is a downstream effector of GADD45α; furthermore, GADD45α and sFlt-1 (a circulating factor that plays a key role in the pathophysiological-related symptoms of preeclampsia) were found to be co-expressed in preeclamptic placental endothelial cells (128) (Figure 3). Here, MAPK14 is linked to preeclampsia.