The upregulated DEGs associated with the H3K23su GAIN regions, including RASGRP3, MET and FOXO1, were markedly enriched in colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and the Wnt, MAPK and p53 signaling pathways (Fig. 2a, Supplementary Fig. 5b and Supplementary Table 4), whereas the H3K23su LOSS regions associated with downregulated DEGs, such as NOTCH3, MGST1 and GFPT1, were involved mainly in insulin resistance, colorectal cancer and the HIF-1 and ErbB signaling pathways (Fig. 2b, Supplementary Fig. 5c and Supplementary Table 4). Here, MGST1 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.