M1 macrophages are typically activated by inflammatory cytokines (e.g., GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN-γ, LPS) and are characterized by their secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1α/β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23), which enhance cytotoxic immune responses and anti-tumor immunity (28). Here, IFNG is linked to neoplasm.