S100A4 and Hepatic fibrosis: In mouse models of liver fibrosis, S100A4+ macrophages/Kupffer cells show increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as molecules and cytokines classically associated with immunosuppression and the M2-like alternatively activated state, such as IL-10 and COX2 (44) (Figure 1b).