S100A4 and cancer: Many studies have focused on S100A4’s ability to promote the progression of cancer and metastasis through regulation of cancer cell motility, cancer cell survival, angiogenesis, cancer stem cell stemness, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and formation of the premetastatic niche (5, 16, 31, 114–116); however, a growing body of research also implicates S100A4 in immunomodulation of the TME to promote a pro-tumor response (15, 35, 36, 52, 58, 65, 91, 117).