C3 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: NF-κB also upregulates the expression of complement C3, thereby promoting the development of DM (113), C3 is a crucial component in the activation process of all three complement pathways and is not only associated with insulin resistance (114), reflecting the progression of metabolic derangement but also serves as a biomarker for T1DM and T2DM (115, 116).