GCG and Hyperinsulinemia: Tirosh et al. found that long-term exposure of mice to a daily low dose of propionate results in a gradual weight gain and insulin resistance, and in human, consumption of a propionate-containing mixed meal results in a postprandial increase in plasma glucagon, fatty acid-binding protein 4, and norepinephrine, leading to insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia [32].