APP and Alzheimer disease: However, the effects of IL-10 on Alzheimer’s disease pathology are still debated, with some studies showing excessive IL-10 in Alzheimer’s disease models to worsen CD and Aβ plague,105 and others showing increased levels of IL-10 to improve spatial learning in APP/PS1 mice.106 Despite this, transforming growth factor beta has been shown to promote microglial and macrophage-mediated Aβ clearance107 demonstrating that cytokines play a significant role in Alzheimer’s disease.