For example, an abundance of Moraxella has been associated with the expression of IL-17 and TNF inflammatory pathway in patients with COPD treated with inhaled corticosteroids, while IL-8 expression has been negatively correlated with bacteria in the genera Haemophilus, Moraxella, and Streptococcus (Ramsheh et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2016). Here, TNF is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.