PGP and colorectal carcinoma: Experimental research has shown that ZZF can reverse chemoresistance in CRC through several mechanisms (9–13): (1) inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression; (2) suppression of IκB-α phosphorylation, reducing NF-κB/p65 protein expression; (3) inhibition of the Hedgehog signaling pathway; (4) reduction of P-gp efflux function and inhibition of ERK pathway activity; (5) inhibition of cell proliferation in resistant cells; (6) modulation of M2 macrophage-derived exosomes to alter the immune microenvironment.