VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: The increased endothelial surface expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (members of the immunoglobulin superfamily), and E-selectin (a lectin-like carbohydrate binding molecule), facilitates the transit of inflammatory monocytes to the sub-endothelium and is indicative of endothelial dysfunction [78].