BDNF and Cognitive impairment: Studies with ALA demonstrate neuroprotective effects by suppressing brain oxidative stress [75,76], reducing cognitive impairment [77,78], restoring neuronal and neurotransmitter functions [31,37,79], reducing neuronal apoptosis [38], alleviating neuronal degeneration, inhibiting ferroptosis [40], reversing low concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampi of animal models [34], regulating iron homeostasis and reducing oxidative stress levels in nigral neurons [36].