TNF and colitis: Although this study did not include a direct comparison with conventional colitis treatments, the findings suggest that EB extract may act through mechanisms similar to well-established therapies, such as mesalazine (5-ASA), corticosteroids, and biological agents (e.g., TNF-α inhibitors like infliximab and adalimumab), which have been shown to modulate the mTOR pathway in colitis models [66].