PTGS2 and osteoarthritis: In an in vitro osteoarthritis (OA) model, GEV treatment of IL-1β-induced chondrocytes significantly modulated gene expression: upregulating antioxidant (SOD2, GPX) and chondrogenic (SOX9, COL2, ACAN) genes, and downregulating inflammatory (COX-2, PTGS2) and catabolic (ADAMTS-5, COL10) markers.