TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: In addition to a microenvironment that supports immune suppression, HCC is a highly vascular type of tumor, mediated by VEGF and other pro-angiogenic mediators, including basic fibroblast growth factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and platelet growth factor (PGF) [17].