TGFB1 and neoplasm: Studies suggest that the COL1A1 mediates tumor progression trough mechanism involving EMT, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, although further research is needed to unravel the mechanisms by which COL1A1 facilitates cancer cell invasion and proliferation [27].