TNF and escherichia coli infection: As shown in Figure 5A–F, the expression levels of interleukin 1 b (IL1B), IL6, tumor necrosis factor a (TNFA), interleukin-8 (CXCL8), and defensin beta 2 (DEFB2) genes in the endometrium of the GE group were upregulated (p < 0.05) after E. coli infection.