AHR and cancer: Moreover, key signaling pathways commonly associated with cancer progression, such as the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and kynurenine/aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathways, are influenced by the gut microbiota, highlighting a potential link between microbial composition and cancer biology [13].