The confusion matrices of the LGBM model in the training, validation, and test sets revealed that the model accurately detected GC patients with high PD-L1 expression status (sensitivity: 0.743, 0.774, and 0.765, respectively) and effectively differentiate between patients with low PD-L1 expression status (specificity: 0.863, 0.871, and 0.848, respectively; Fig. 4c-e). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and gastric cancer.