TGFB1 and X-linked hydrocephalus with stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius: Our study observed a concurrent upregulation of all three isoforms and interestingly a relatively higher upregulation of TGFβ2 than TGFβ1/TGFβ3 in both tissues and cells, possibly suggesting that TGFβ2 may critically contribute to XLAS associated renal fibrosis.