PPIB and Alzheimer disease: The AD pathways-cholinergic deficiency, oxidative stress, and inflammation-have been shown to be significantly associated with the factors that trigger the processing of amyloid precursor proteins, particularly tau protein acetylation, hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, along with the β and γ secretases (Ahmed et al. 2021; Tuzimski and Petruczynik 2022).