IL24 and cancer: We and others have previously demonstrated that IL-24 leads to apoptosis in cancer cells by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation [17,23,24,25], reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation [25,26], p38 MAPK activation [17,25,27], mitochondrial dysfunction [18,25,28], and ceramide production, while not affecting normal cells [23,29].