A 2024 study by Park et al. determined that PTTG1 knockdown in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) promotes DNA damage in a p21-dependent manner, leading to an increase in phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) proteins, which results in the formation of γH2AX, known to play a critical role in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. This evidence concerns the gene ATR and cancer.