To study cell death in the peripheral tissue of cysts, we determined the level of cell death markers (TFRC, Caspase-3, GSDMD, LC3I/II), and we detected that the TFRC and Caspase-3 levels increased, but not GSDMD or LC3I/II, along with PSCs infection (Figure 1H(a,b)), indicating that liver tissue damage was associated with cell death, possibly due to apoptosis or ferroptosis. Here, GSDMD is linked to infection.