TP53 and ovarian carcinoma: It was reported that nearly all HGSC cases (96%) display mutations in the TP53 gene, which is crucial for cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair [26,27], while PAX8, a gene that promotes cancer cell proliferation and invasion, is often overexpressed in ovarian cancers, including HGSCs, which serves as an important diagnostic indicator for ovarian cancers [28,29,30,31].