VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Recently, microvascular endothelial inflammation has also gained clinical importance in mediating endothelial dysfunction [396,399] by reducing coronary flow reserve and myocardial perfusion [400,401,402] in HFpEF patients via increased expression of endothelial adhesion molecules like ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 (Figure 4) [403].