BDNF and major depressive disorder: Depression patients usually show alleviatedmTORC1 expression levels in the prefrontal cortex, disrupting synaptic formation.When stimulated by factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α),receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and BDNF, mTORC1serves as a downstream regulator of exercise [12].