INS and gestational diabetes: In contrast, pre-pregnancy HbA1c% and total daily insulin (TDI) dose injected during pregnancy were significantly higher in women with pre-existing DM compared to those with GDM (HbA1c%; 7.44 ± 1.42 vs 5.5 ± 0.43, P ≤ 0.001), (TDI units/kg; 0.52 ± 0.35 vs 0.24 ± 0.12, P ≤ 0.001).