INS and Insulin resistance: Akt is involved in the protein-kinase-B (Akt)/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/ insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) insulin signaling pathway, which improves hepatic insulin resistance and therefore causes the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas axis to increase glucose uptake, enhance glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, decrease glycogen synthesis and reduce stress in hepatic cells (Wang et al., 2024[157]).