VCAM1 and ischemic cardiomyopathy: The sVCAM-1 levels in patients with atrial fibrillation, ischemic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, and acute myocarditis are elevated, and both VCAM-1 and sVCAM-1 are regarded as biomarkers of autoimmune myocarditis, cancer, and immunological diseases (29–31).