VEGFD and neoplasm: In line with our findings, numerous studies have shown that PAK1 overexpression enhances cell proliferation, motility, and invasiveness.99 Alterations in the protein expression patterns of tumour cells, including proteins such as VEGFD and PAK1, driven by F. nucleatum colonization, may activate key signalling pathways like MAPK, which are pivotal for the protumorigenic effects associated with F. nucleatum colonization.