TLR3 and alcoholic liver diseases: dsRNA of mitochondrial origin (mt-dsRNA), an important mitochondrial damage-associated molecular pattern, can provoke a proinflammatory response in an alcoholic liver disease model (Fig. 5).378 HSP60 is found primarily in the mitochondrial matrix, and its folding activity can protect mitochondria from proteotoxicity under stress.379 The overexpression of HSP60 inhibits the release of mt-dsRNA, which further inhibits the activation of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 3 (p-IRF3).