PPARGC1A and Insulin resistance: JNK activation results in insulin resistance through multiple pathways.347 Conversely, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) pathway is also a regulator of cellular energy status, which is vital for oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis.